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          linux基本指令
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        <h4 id="shell-脚本"><a href="#shell-脚本" class="headerlink" title="shell 脚本"></a>shell 脚本</h4><p>Shell 脚本（shell script），是一种为 shell 编写的脚本程序。</p>
<p>业界所说的 shell 通常都是指 shell 脚本，但需要知道，<code>shell</code> 和 <code>shell script</code> 是两个不同的概念。</p>
<p>由于习惯的原因，简洁起见，通常所说的 “shell 编程”都是指 shell 脚本编程，不是指开发 shell 自身。</p>
<p>一个栗子：</p>
<figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#!/bin/bash</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="string">&quot;Hello World !&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong><code>#!</code> 是一个约定的标记，它告诉系统这个脚本需要什么解释器来执行，即使用哪一种 shell 。</strong></p>
<span id="more"></span>
<h4 id="搜索命令"><a href="#搜索命令" class="headerlink" title="搜索命令"></a>搜索命令</h4><ul>
<li><code>grep -nri &lt;字符串&gt;</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="设置别名"><a href="#设置别名" class="headerlink" title="设置别名"></a>设置别名</h4><h5 id="创建别名"><a href="#创建别名" class="headerlink" title="创建别名"></a>创建别名</h5><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">alias</span> ll=<span class="string">&#x27;ls -alh&#x27;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>注意：等于号(<code>=</code>) 前后不能有空格。</strong></p>
<h5 id="删除别名"><a href="#删除别名" class="headerlink" title="删除别名"></a>删除别名</h5><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">unalias</span> name <span class="comment"># name 为要删除的别名名称</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><em>如果创建和删除别名需要永久生效，请在配置文件（如 .bashrc）中配置。</em></p>
<h4 id="source-命令"><a href="#source-命令" class="headerlink" title="source 命令"></a>source 命令</h4><h5 id="作用"><a href="#作用" class="headerlink" title="作用"></a>作用</h5><p>在当前 bash 环境下读取并执行 fileName 中的命令。</p>
<p><strong>注：该命令通常用命令 <code>.</code> 来替代</strong></p>
<h5 id="source-fileName-sh-fileName-及-fileName-执行脚本的区别"><a href="#source-fileName-sh-fileName-及-fileName-执行脚本的区别" class="headerlink" title="source fileName, sh fileName 及 ./fileName 执行脚本的区别"></a>source fileName, sh fileName 及 ./fileName 执行脚本的区别</h5><blockquote>
<ol>
<li>当shell脚本具有可执行权限时，用<code>sh filename</code>与<code>./filename</code>执行脚本是没有区别得。<code>./filename</code>是因为当前目录没有在PATH中，所有”.”是用来表示当前目录的。</li>
<li><code>sh filename</code> 重新建立一个子shell，在子shell中执行脚本里面的语句，该子shell继承父shell的环境变量，但子shell新建的、改变的变量不会被带回父shell。</li>
<li><code>source filename</code>：这个命令其实只是简单地读取脚本里面的语句依次在当前shell里面执行，没有建立新的子shell。那么脚本里面所有新建、改变变量的语句都会保存在当前shell里面。</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="Linux-下快速删除已输入的命令"><a href="#Linux-下快速删除已输入的命令" class="headerlink" title="Linux 下快速删除已输入的命令"></a>Linux 下快速删除已输入的命令</h4><ul>
<li><code>ctrl + c</code>: 终止已经执行或未开始执行的命令</li>
<li><code>ctrl + w</code>: 往回删除一个单词，光标放在最末尾</li>
<li><code>ctrl + u</code>: 删除光标以前的字符</li>
<li><code>ctrl + k</code>: 删除光标以后的字符</li>
<li><code>ctrl + a</code>： 移动光标到字符头</li>
<li><code>ctrl + e</code>: 移动光标到字符末</li>
<li><code>ctrl + l</code>: 清屏</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="eval-的用法"><a href="#eval-的用法" class="headerlink" title="eval 的用法"></a><code>eval</code> 的用法</h4><h5 id="eval-command-line"><a href="#eval-command-line" class="headerlink" title="eval command-line"></a><code>eval command-line</code></h5><p>其中 command-line 是在终端上键入的一条普通命令行。<strong>然而，当在它前面放上 <code>eval</code> 时，其结果是 shell 在执行命令行之前扫描它两次。</strong></p>
<p>一个栗子：</p>
<figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pipe=<span class="string">&quot;|&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">eval</span> <span class="built_in">ls</span> <span class="variable">$pipe</span> <span class="built_in">wc</span> -l</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># shell 第 1 次扫描命令行时，它替换出 pipe 的值 `|`,接着 eval 使它再次扫描命令行，这是 shell 把 `|` 作为管道符号了。</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="wc命令—统计文件的字节数、字数、行数"><a href="#wc命令—统计文件的字节数、字数、行数" class="headerlink" title="wc命令—统计文件的字节数、字数、行数"></a>wc命令—统计文件的字节数、字数、行数</h4><p style="color:sienna;">
    wc命令统计指定文件中的字节数、字数、行数，并将统计结果显示输出。利用wc指令我们可以计算文件Byte数、字数或是列数，若不指定文件名称，或是所给予的文件名为"-"，则wc指令会从标准输入设备读取数据。wc同时也给出所指定文件的总统计数。
</p>

<p>语法格式：wc [参数] [文件]</p>
<p>常用的参数</p>
<div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">参数</th>
<th style="text-align:center">说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">-w</td>
<td style="text-align:center">统计字数，或 <code>--words:只显示字数</code>。一个字被定义为由空白、跳格或换行字符分割的字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">-c</td>
<td style="text-align:center">统计字节数，或<code>--bytes,--chars</code>，只显示Bytes数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">-l</td>
<td style="text-align:center">统计行数，<code>或--lines</code>，只显示列数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">-m</td>
<td style="text-align:center">统计字符数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">-L</td>
<td style="text-align:center">打印最长行的长度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">—help</td>
<td style="text-align:center">显示帮助信息</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">—version</td>
<td style="text-align:center">显示版本信息</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h4 id="grep-正则表达式使用"><a href="#grep-正则表达式使用" class="headerlink" title="grep 正则表达式使用"></a>grep 正则表达式使用</h4><p><img src="http://localhost:4000/2020/08/10/linux%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4/001.png" alt="cheat"></p>
<p><img src="http://localhost:4000/2020/08/10/linux%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4/002.png" alt="tldr"></p>
<ol>
<li>grep和正则表达式</li>
</ol>
<div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">元数据</th>
<th style="text-align:center">意义和范例</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">^word</td>
<td style="text-align:center">搜索以word开头的行。例如：搜索以#开头的脚本注释行 <code>grep -n &#39;^#&#39; regular.txt</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">word$</td>
<td style="text-align:center">搜寻以word结束的行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">匹配任意一个字符。例如：<code>grep -n &#39;e.e&#39; regular.txt</code>,匹配e和e之间有任意一个字符，可以匹配eee,eae,eve,但是不匹配ee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">\</td>
<td style="text-align:center">转义字符。例如：搜寻<code>,</code>是一个特殊字符，在正则表达式中有特殊含义，必须要先转义。<code>grep -n &#39;\,&#39; regular.txt</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">*</td>
<td style="text-align:center">前面的字符重复0到多次。例如匹配gle，gogle，google,gooogle等等，<code>grep -n &#39;go*le regular.txt&#39;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[list]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">匹配一系列字符中的一个。例如匹配gl，gf。<code>grep -n &#39;g[lf] regular.txt&#39;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[n1-n2]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">匹配一个字符范围中的一个字符。例如匹配数字字符<code>grep -n &#39;[0-9]&#39; regular.txt</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><sup><a href="#fn_list" id="reffn_list">list</a></sup></td>
<td style="text-align:center">匹配字符集以外的字符。例如<code>grep -n &#39;[^o]&#39; regular.txt</code>, 匹配非o字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">\&lt;word</td>
<td style="text-align:center">匹配单词的开头。例如匹配以g开头的单词<code>grep -n &#39;\&lt;g&#39; regular.txt</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">word></td>
<td style="text-align:center">匹配单词的结尾。例如匹配以tion结尾的单词<code>grep -n &#39;tion\&gt;&#39; regular.txt</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">word\{n1\}</td>
<td style="text-align:center">前面的字符重复n1次。例如google.<code>grep -n &#39;go\&#123;2\&#125;gle&#39; regular.txt</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">word\{n1,\}</td>
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